Free stereology software1/2/2023 The results are absolute estimates rather than densities or ratios. Stereology utilizes stringent sampling methods and calculations based on statistical theory and stochastic geometry that can be applied to virtually any tissue type from any species. Unlike histomorphometry, stereology does not make assumptions about the tissue and can supply accurate three-dimensional (3D) estimates of number, volume, surface area, or length. In turn, professional and regulatory societies are increasingly becoming wary of 2D data. Because of this, the data are inaccurate, often overestimating the object number or even showing trends that are in the opposite direction of the truth. Furthermore, histomorphometry makes several assumptions about the tissue sections, all of which are sources of bias. Counts or measurements performed on single thin 2D sections really have no correlation with what is present in a 3D structure. Although these methods can supply the pathologist with quantitative information, the resulting data only pertain to the histologic section being examined. With this technique, manual or automated analysis is performed on single or multiple tissue sections to obtain quantitative information, such as number of cells or other objects, linear measurements, or total area of positive staining (after the application of a cellular marker such as an immunohistochemical stain). For that reason, more sensitive techniques have been employed for these quantitative endpoints.Ī commonly utilized technique to obtain quantitative information from histologic tissue sections is two-dimensional (2D) morphometry. For example, a previous study found that a 33% reduction in total hippocampal neuron number could not be appreciated by pathologists, even when viewing side-by-side photomicrographs 1. However, the human eye lacks the sensitivity to detect subtle changes in cell or object quantity. Qualitative histopathology of tissue sections remains the gold standard for routine safety assessment studies, and pathologists play a unique and important role in identifying potential safety concerns.
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